Gaps

• Audit of each industry to establish processes, air pollution levels and minimum criteria
• Environmental Management strategy to be developed with industries to reduce emissions as well as energy saving.
• Air quality objectives to reflect industries
• Estimating pollution loads

 TRANSPORTATION
Objectives identified during LDO process (1997)

• Introduction of unleaded fuel in motor cars, although South Africa is the only country not to have made use of catalytic converters with introduction of unleaded fuel.
• Increased production of diesel engines anticipated
• An improved public transport system should be developed.
• To promote the use of public transport over private car travel, with the goal of achieving a ratio of 80:20 between public transport and private car usage
• To improve accessibility and mobility, limiting walking distances to less than about one kilometer in urban areas
• To ensure that public transport is affordable, with commuters spending less than about 10 % of disposable income on transport
• Promotion of cycling and cycling paths.

Gaps

• Currently only a small portion of the metropolitan area is subject to control of air pollution by fumes emitted by vehicles, while the rest of Greater Johannesburg is uncontrolled.
• Accreditation of air quality monitoring programmes, which make the current monitoring void for comparison to research studies
• Limited monitoring within the Soweto Air monitoring Programme based on PM excluding other parameters such as ozone, oxides of nitrogen and lead.
• Public transport is not co-ordinated and does not cover all parts of the metropolitan area
• Development corridors must be identified to support sustainable public transport
• The use of public transport across all areas is not actively promoted
• Focus areas identified without adequate data to support such focus areas
• Focus areas lack long term and integrated development strategies
• Projection studies on the impact of transportation based on emissions

Fossil fuel for heating and cooking in townships and CBD
Conventional standards are not always appropriate or affordable and one would need to assess various technical options has been suggested through the Land Development Objectives LDO WMLC: 1997 for example:

• A key factor in combating air pollution from household use of fossil fuels would need a comprehensive environmental and health promotion strategy focussing on:

Proposed strategy for an Air pollution education programme

• Upgrading and installation of street and area lights in the southern areas
• Installation of lighting throughout the area

MINING

• Reduction of dust from mines is possible through the stabilisation of ground and improved mine dump management.
• Grassing of mine dumps, as well as council contributions for grassing where the owner could not be held responsible.
• The impact of mining on water and air pollution must be minimised without it being uneconomical.

BURNING OF WASTE

The burning of tyres for heating during winter months as well as the burning of waste in the absence of waste services are major air pollution sources. Information on the status quo thereof is however not available in relation to response.

Management of Air Quality
Air quality management capability is the capacity to generate and utilize appropriate air quality information within a coherent administrative and legislative framework: to enable the rational management of air quality. The components of air quality management capability are therefore: the human, technical and financial resources required to provide useful information on the sources, current concentrations, impacts and trends of ambient air pollution; and the regulatory and administrative framework required to formulate, implement and enforce emission controls. It is therefore the process by which air quality is assessed and response strategies developed and introduced. (UNEP, 1996)

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

The current status on the level of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding air pollution is unknown, as one of the major gaps within environmental education is a thorough quantitative as well as qualitative study to determine the forgoing environmental education objectives.

To be added

• Impacts on soil and water for Integrated Environmental Management
• Cross analysis (population figures, industries, socio- economic factors)
• Projections (population, industry, energy consumption, transportation)
• Indoor air pollution (illustrations, levels)
• Impact of air pollution on plants as well as threshold limits
• List of industries and type of industry
• List of scheduled industries
• Impact on vegetation and threshold limits
• Air quality management indicators to assess effectiveness of system
• Industrial pollution projection system to establish the level of pollution per industry
• Global climate issues

References

Chenje, M. & Johnson, P.1994: State of the Environment in Southern Africa. Creda: Gauteng.

Fuggle, M.A. & R.F. Rabie 1992: Environmental Management in South Africa. Juta: Jhb.

GJMC 1997: Land Dvelopment Objectives.

Grange, G. 1991: The more important sources of air pollution in the Republic of South Africa and the most recent control policies adopted by the authorities.Tydskrif vir Skoon Lug, 8: 4.

Lee, J.A.1985: The Environment, Public Health and Human Ecology.   International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Miller, G.T. 1994: Living in the Environment.Wadsworth:California.